Skull	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR ANGLE AND DIRECTION	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
AP Axial/ Towne Method	Supine	OML perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to film	30 degrees caudal 37 degreescaudal	2 1/2 " superior to glabella 3/4 " anterior to EAM	Occipital bone	dorsum sella, posterior clinoids within foramen magnum
PA	Prone	OML perpendicular	perpendicular	Nasion	Frontal	Petrous ridges fill orbit
Lateral	Prone Erect or X-table trauma	IPL perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to edge of cassette	perpendicular	2" superior to EAM	Sella turcica, anterior & posterior clinoids, dorsum sellae,	Mandibular rami, orbital roofs and EAM superimposed. No tilt
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
PA Modified Caldwell	Prone	OML perpendicular	15 degrees caudal	Nasion	Frontal	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit
SMV	Supine	IOML parallel to film	perpendicular to IOML	Midway between angles of the mandibles 3/4 " anterior to EAM	Cranial base,	Condyles anterior to petrous pyramids
AP Axial	Supine	OML perpendicular	15degrees cephalad	Nasion	Frontal, Orbits magnified	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit
AP	Supine	OML perpendicular	perpendicular	Nasion	Frontal Orbits magnified	Petrous ridges fill orbit
Haas Method PA Axial	Prone / erect	OML perpendicular	25degrees cephalad	Level of EAM Exit 1 1/2 " above nasion	Occipital bone	Dorsum sella, posterior clinoids within foramen magnum
SINUS	ALL VIEWS	ERECT
PA Modified Caldwell Method	Prone	OML perpendicular	15degrees caudal	Nasion	Frontal, Anterior ethmoid	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit
Waters	Prone	MML perpendicular OML 37degrees to film	perpendicular	Acanthion	Maxillary sinus	Petrous ridges below maxillary sinus
Lateral	Supine	IPL perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to edge of film	perpendicular	Between outer canthus and EAM	All sinus, sella turcica	Rami, orbits superimposed
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
Open Mouth Waters	Prone	MML perpendicular = OML 37degrees to film while mouth closed… Open during exposure	perpendicular	Acanthion	Sphenoid	Petrous ridges below maxillary sinus
SMV	Supine	IOML parallel to film	perpendicular to IOML	1 1/2 " below mentum	Sphenoid, ethmoid,	Condyles anterior to petrous pyramids
Pirie	Prone	Open mouth centered to film	parallel to a line from sella turcica through open mouth	Exit open mouth	Sphenoid	No overlap of dental arch
NASAL BONES	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR ANGLE & DIRECTION	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
Waters	Prone	MML perpendicular OML 37degrees to film	perpendicular	Acanthion	Nasal septum	No rotation
Laterals	Prone Right and Left lateral	IPL perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to edge of film	perpendicular	Nasion	Nasal bone, soft tissue. frontonasal suture, anterior nasal spine	No rotation
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
Tangential	Seated	GML perpendicular to film	II to GML	Skim glabella	Medial or lateral displacement of fragments in fractures	No rotation
FACIAL BONES
PA Modified Caldwell Method	Prone	OML perpendicular	15degrees caudal	Nasion	Orbits, maxilla, zygoma	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit
Waters	Prone	MML perpendicular OML 37degrees to film	perpendicular	Acanthion	Orbits, maxilla, zygoma	Petrous ridges below maxillary sinus
Lateral	Supine	IPL perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to edge of film	perpendicular	Between outer canthus and EAM	FB superimposed, sella turcica, wings of sphenoid	Rami, orbits superimposed
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
Reverse waters #1 Neck extended	Supine	MML perpendicular	CR parallel to MML	Acanthion	Orbits, maxilla magnified	Petrous ridges below maxillary sinus
Reverse Waters #2	Supine	IOML perpendicular to film	30 degrees cephalad to IOML	acanthion	Orbits, maxilla magnified	Petrous ridges below maxillary sinus
AP Axial	Supine	OML perpendicular	15 degrees cephalad	Nasion	FB, Orbits magnified	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit

ORBITS	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR ANGLE & DIRECTION	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
PA Modified Caldwell Method	Prone	OML perpendicular	15degrees caudal	Nasion	Orbits, maxilla, zygoma	Petrous ridges lower 1/3 of orbit
Rhese Orbitoparietal oblique Upside optic canal	Supine	AML perpendicular to film MSP 53degrees from plane of film	perpendicular	Inferior/lateral quadrant upside orbit	Optic foramen, orbital rim	Optic foramen in inferior/ outer quadrant
Modified Waters	Prone	OML 55degrees to film LML perpendicular	perpendicular	Acanthion	Entire orbital rims Floor of orbits	Petrous ridges below inferior border of orbit
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
Rhese Parieto-orbital oblique Downside optic canal	Prone: chin, cheek & nose on table	AML perpendicular to film . MSP 53degrees from plane of film	perpendicular	1" superior and posterior to upside EAM	Optic foramen, orbital rim	Optic foramen in inferior/ outer quadrant
PA Axial	Prone	OML perpendicular	30 degree caudal	Nasion	Inferior orbital rim	Petrous ridges below inferior orbital margin
ZYGOMA
SMV	Supine	IOML parallel to film Angle CR if necessary	Perpendicular to IOML	1 1/2 " below mentum & mid zygoma	Arches	Bilateral arches
AP Axial/ Modified Towne Method	Supine	OML perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to film	30 degrees caudal 37 degrees caudal	1" above glabella through mid arches	Arches	No rotation. Bilateral arches
Tangential Oblique	Supine	IOML parallel to film Rotate MSP 15 degrees to side of interest. Tilt top of head 15 degrees away from side of interest	perpendicular to IOML and film	Mid zygoma of interest 1 1/2 " posterior to outer canthus	Zygomatic arch	No superimposition of parietal or mandible
Tangential Oblique May Method	Prone	IOML parallel to film Rotate MSP 15 degrees away from side of interest. Tilt top of head 15 degrees away from side of interest	perpendicular to IOML and film	Mid zygoma of interest 1 1/2 " posterior to outer canthus	Zygomatic arch	No superimposition of parietal or mandible
MANDIBLE	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR angle & direction	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
PA	Prone	OML perpendicular	perpendicular	Acanthion	Rami and body	Symmetrical rami
AP Axial Towne Method	Supine	OML perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to film	40 degrees caudal 47 degreescaudal	Glabella & gonion	Condyloid processes and temporo-mandibular fossa	Symmetrical condyloid processes
Axiolateral Oblique Survey	Supine or prone Side closest to film	IPL perpendicular to film Ramus parallel to film	Combine head tilt, CR cephalad angle & film angle to = 25degrees	2" distal to mandibular angle- side up	Ramus, angle and body	Extend chin
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
PA Axial	Prone	OML perpendicular	20-25 degrees cephalad	Tip of nose	Rami, body	Symmetric rami, body
				Glabella	Condylar process	Condyloid processes
Axiolateral Oblique Ramus	True lateral Side closest to film	IPL perpendicular to film Ramus parallel to film	25 degrees cephalad	2" distal to mandibular angle- side up	Ramus, angle and posterior body	Extend chin Part of interest parallel to film
Axiolateral Oblique Body	30 degree rotation toward film	Body parallel to film	25 degrees cephalad	2" distal to mandibular angle- side up	Body and symphysis of mandible
Axiolateral Oblique Mentum	45degree rotation toward film. Rest on chin, nose, zygoma	Body parallel to film	20 degrees cephalad	Symphysis	Body and symphysis of mandible
Mentum AP Axial	Seated Supine	MSP perpendicular & midline to film	45 degrees to symphysis	Symphysis	Mental foramina, mandibular symphysis	No rotation, chin horizontal plane to film

MASTOIDS	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR ANGLE & DIRECTION	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
Modified Law Method Axiolateral Projection	Prone	IOML perpendicular to edge of film. IPL perpendicular to film Rotate MSP 15 degrees toward film	15degrees caudal	2" posterior and superior to upside EAM	Mastoid cells closest to film Pars petrosa	TMJ anterior to petrous region, Suprimposition of internal and EAM
Schuller Method Axiolateral Projection	Prone True lateral	IOML perpendicular to edge of film IPL perpendicular to film	25 degrees caudal	1.5" posterior and superior to upside EAM Exit EAM downside	Air cells posterior to petrous region,, bony labyrinth, side down	TMJ anterior to petrous region
Stenvers Axioanterior oblique: posterior profile	Prone Side of interest down	IOML perpendicular to edge of film Midsagittal plane 45^0 to film	12 degrees cephalad	1" anterior to downside EAM	Pars petrosa profile	Petrosa and petrous ridge in profile, no distortion
Arcelin Method Axioposterior oblique Anterior profile	Supine Side of interest up	IOML perpendicular to edge of film Midsagittal plane 45^0 to film. Rotate head away from side of interest.	10-12 degrees caudal	1" anterior to and 3/4 " superior to EAM side up	Pars petrosa profile	Petrosa and petrous ridge in profile, no distortion
Mayers Axiolateral oblique	Supine Side of interest down	IOML perpendicular to edge of film MSP 45^0to film. Rotate head to side of interest	45 degrees caudal	EAM side down	EAM, tympanic cavity	Petrosa inferior to air cells
AP Axial/ Towne Method	Supine	OML perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to film	30 degrees caudal 37 degrees caudal	2 " superior to glabella Pass through level of EAMs	Bilateral petrous pyramids	Dorsum sella, posterior clinoids within foramen magnum.
TMJ	Open/Closed	Mouth
AP Axial Modified Towne Method	Supine	OML perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to film	35 degrees caudal 42 degrees caudal	Level of TMJ, 1" anterior to EAM	Condyles of mandible Mandibular fossae of temporal bones	Minimal superimposition of petrosa on condyle, Symmetrical condyles
Schuller Method Axiolateral Projection R and L positions	Prone True lateral	IOML perpendicular to edge of film IPL perpendicular to film	25 degrees caudal	1" anterior and 2" superior to upside EAM. Pass through downside TMJ	Closed mouth = condyle in fossa Open mouth = condyle anterior to fossa	TMJ downside
Modified Law Method Axiolateral Projection R and L positions	Prone Rotate MSP 15 degrees toward film	IOML perpendicular to edge of film IPL perpendicular to film	15 degrees caudal	1.5" superior to upside EAM. Pass through downside TMJ	Closed mouth = condyle in fossa Open mouth = condyle anterior to fossa	TMJ downside

SELLA TURSICA	PATIENT POSITION	BASELINE	CR ANGLE & DIRECTION	CR LOCATION	STRUCTURES	IMAGE CHECK
Lateral	Prone True lateral	IPL perpendicular to film IOML perpendicular to edge of film	perpendicular	1/2 " anterior and superior to EAM	Sella turcica, anterior and posterior clinoid process, clivus, dorsum sellae	Sella and clivus profiled. Superimposed ant. & post. clinoids, greater & lesser wings of sphenoid.
AP Axial/ Towne Method	Supine	IOML perpendicular to film	30 degrees caudal	1 1/2 " superior to superciliary arch	Ant. Clinoids & dorsum sellae above foramen magnum	Sellar structures seen through occipital bone .
			37 degrees caudal	1 1/2 " superior to superciliary arch	Post clinoids & dorsum sellae within foramen magnum.	Sellar structures seen within foramen magnum
PA Axial 10 degree	Prone	OML perpendicular to film	10 degrees cephalad	Exit Glabella	Dorsum sellae, post. and ant. clinoids above foramen magnum. Seen through frontal bone.	Petrous ridges symmetrical, dorsum sellae and foramen magnum in center of radiograph
PA Axial Haas Method	Prone	OML perpendicular to film	25 degreescephalad	Exit Glabella	Dorsum sellae and post. clinoids within foramen magnum	Petrous ridges symmetrical, dorsum sellae and foramen magnum in center of radiograph